Millets, often dubbed as the “smart food” of the 21st century, have been an integral part of India’s agricultural tapestry for millennia. These nutrient-rich, climate-resilient crops have played a pivotal role in shaping the nation's culinary heritage and ensuring food security. In this comprehensive exploration of millets in India, we delve into their historical significance, the importance of millets in our diet, and the recent resurgence of millets globally.
Millets and Ancient India
The history of millet cultivation in India can be traced back to ancient times, encompassing periods such as the Harappan and Vedic civilizations. Archaeological findings suggest that millets like ragi, sorghum, and pearl millet were not just dietary staples but symbols of sustenance for these ancient societies. The adaptability of millets to diverse agro-climatic conditions made them indispensable, contributing significantly to the longevity and resilience of communities throughout the ages.
Millets and Modern India
In contemporary India, millets continue to be a critical component of the country’s agricultural diversity. With approximately 21 states actively cultivating different varieties of millets, India proudly retains its status as the largest millets producer globally. Noteworthy among these millets are bajra (pearl millet) in India, celebrated for its drought-resistant nature and extensive cultivation, and ragi (finger millet), a nutritional powerhouse. The different types of millets grown in India collectively contribute to the nation's dietary richness, addressing nutritional needs in an environmentally sustainable manner.
Types of Millets Grown in India
India, with its diverse agro-climatic zones, is a treasure trove of millet varieties, each contributing unique flavours and nutritional benefits to the nation’s culinary heritage. One important millet in this family is bajra, or pearl millet in India celebrated not only for its drought-resistant nature but also for being a staple in the arid regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Bajra, with its robust cultivation, stands as a resilient source of sustenance, embodying the spirit of Indian agriculture’s adaptability to challenging environmental conditions.
Moving towards the south of India, ragi, or finger millet, takes centre stage, particularly in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. The importance of ragi is tremendous owing to its exceptional calcium content, making it a vital grain for bone health. Its versatility extends to various culinary applications, from traditional flatbreads to porridge, offering a nutritious and culturally rich addition to the Indian diet.
Foxtail millet, another popular millet in India, finds its roots in the semi-arid regions of India. Known for its rapid growth and short cultivation duration, foxtail millet contributes significantly to the agrarian landscape. Its nutty flavour and gluten-free nature make it a favourite among health-conscious consumers, contributing to the growing demand for alternative grains.
Sorghum, or jowar, stands tall in the western and central regions of India. With its resilience to diverse climatic conditions, jowar plays a crucial role in food security, providing sustenance to both, humans and livestock. The gluten-free nature of sorghum makes it a preferred choice for those with dietary restrictions, adding to its culinary versatility.
Little millet, proso millet, and kodo millet further enrich the millet diversity in India. Little millet, known for its small grains and high fiber content, is a nutritional powerhouse that finds its place in various regional dishes. Proso millet, with its quick maturation and adaptability, thrives in different climatic conditions, contributing to the sustainable cultivation of millets. Kodo millet, celebrated for its rich nutrient profile and versatility, is a key player in the diverse millet offerings of the country.
Decline of Millet Production in India
Despite their historical significance, millets witnessed a decline in production and consumption in India, influenced by the wave of westernisation and a growing preference for other grains like rice and wheat. The shift in dietary patterns and the allure of modern crops led to a gradual neglect of millets, jeopardising their once-central role in Indian agriculture. This decline, however, underscores the urgency of reviving the cultivation and consumption of millets for the nation’s well-being.
Importance of millets in Our Diet
A large body of scientific research recognises millets as superfoods. Millets have earned the reputation of being ‘nutri-cereals’ as they provide many of the nutrients required for normal functioning of the human body. The energy, proteins, good fats, minerals and vitamins that millets provide makes them a superfood. High in fibre, naturally gluten free and known to induce a low-glycaemic response, they help mitigate different lifestyle conditions. Millets have also become the cereal of choice for those who prefer gluten-free, vegan diets. Millets, with their diverse nutrient profiles, serve as nutritional powerhouses, addressing dietary deficiencies and promoting overall wellness.
Firstly, millets are rich in fiber, essential for digestive health. Dietary fibre delays and retards absorption of carbohydrates and fats and increases the satiety value. It also promotes one or more of the beneficial effects such as laxation. Regular intake of protein and mineral-rich millets help in maintaining body weight by adding bulk to the diet contributing to satiety (aids in slowing down digestion and enhancing the sensation of fullness). Secondly, these ancient grains have a low glycemic index, meaning they cause a slower rise in blood sugar levels compared to refined carbohydrates making them a favourable choice for those focusing on weight and diabetes management.
Furthermore, millets are a source of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron. These minerals are known to overall vitality. Millets pack in the power of protein – they mostly contain amino acids in a balanced proportion that is beneficial for the body. Protein is essential in all life stages to sustain and develop a healthy body.
However, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional or a nutritionist to tailor millet consumption to individual dietary needs and health conditions.
You can get your daily dose of ragi with ITC’s Aashirvaad Nature's Superfoods Ragi flour. It is made from ragi and a naturally gluten-free flour.
Resurgence of Millets in India: India's Contribution to the Millet Revolution on the Global
Platform
In a remarkable development, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets (IYM 2023). This global acknowledgement marks a turning point for millets, and the Indian government has aligned its objectives to promote millets on a broader international stage.
The Karnataka State Department of Agriculture, Bengaluru, India with ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad, India published a book, titled, The Story of Millets. This document provides a complete historical global perspective of the journey of millets, their health benefits, utilisation, and much more. Companies like ITC, through their “Help India Eat Better” initiative, are actively supporting national nutritional priorities. This initiative emphasises the pivotal role of millets in achieving health and sustainability goals, showcasing a commitment to global well-being.
ITC, as a responsible leader in this space, believes in supporting the nation’s vision for health and nutrition. Millets are an integral aspect of ITC’s nutrition strategy, aligning with the broader framework of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. The company’s key initiatives involve critical stakeholders across various platforms, policies, and commitments, reflecting a deep-seated commitment to health and nutrition at a national and global level.
The journey of millets in India is a testament to the rich agricultural heritage of the nation. From the prominence and importance of millets in ancient civilizations to their recent resurgence on the global stage, they continue to play a crucial role in shaping the food and health landscape. As we celebrate the International Year of Millets in 2023, let us recognise the vital role that millets play in ensuring a healthier and more sustainable future for India and the world. Through education and awareness, we can contribute to the revival of millets, appreciating their historical significance and embracing their role in fostering a resilient, nutritious, and sustainable food system.
